Understanding Acne: Common Causes and Effective Treatments

Acne is one of the most common skin concerns, affecting people of all ages—not just teenagers. Whether you’re experiencing the occasional breakout or dealing with more persistent acne, understanding what’s behind it is the first step toward clearer skin.

What Causes Acne?

Acne develops when hair follicles become clogged with oil (sebum), dead skin cells, and bacteria. Several factors can contribute to this process:

1. Hormonal Fluctuations

Hormones—especially androgens—can increase oil production, which is why acne often worsens during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or due to certain medical conditions like PCOS.

2. Excess Oil Production

Some people naturally produce more oil, especially in the T-zone (forehead, nose, chin), making them more prone to breakouts.

3. Bacteria

The bacterium Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) thrive in clogged pores and can trigger inflammation, leading to red, painful pimples.

4. Diet and Lifestyle

Emerging studies suggest high glycemic diets (think sugar and processed carbs) and dairy may worsen acne in some people. Stress, lack of sleep, and poor skincare habits can also contribute.

5. Cosmetics and Skincare Products

Using pore-clogging or comedogenic products can exacerbate breakouts. Always opt for non-comedogenic labels and consult your provider if unsure.

Types of Acne

Acne isn’t one-size-fits-all. Understanding the type you’re dealing with helps determine the best treatment:

• Comedonal Acne: Includes blackheads and whiteheads.
• Inflammatory Acne: Red, tender bumps or pustules.
• Cystic/Nodular Acne: Deep, painful lesions that can cause scarring.
• Hormonal Acne: Typically located along the jawline and chin.

Treatment Options

Thankfully, acne is treatable—and today’s options are more advanced than ever.

Topical Treatments:

• Retinoids (like tretinoin or adapalene): unclog pores and encourage cell turnover.
• Benzoyl Peroxide: reduces bacteria and inflammation.
• Salicylic Acid: exfoliates inside the pore lining.
• Antibiotic Creams: target surface bacteria and reduce redness.

Oral Medications:

• Antibiotics: used short-term to reduce bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in the affected follicles.
• Oral Contraceptives: can regulate hormones in women.
• Spironolactone: reduces hormonal oil production.
• Isotretinoin (Accutane): a powerful option for severe, resistant acne.

In-Office Treatments:

• Chemical Peels: help with mild to moderate acne and post-inflammatory pigmentation.
• Laser and Light Therapy: target bacteria and inflammation without harming skin.
• Hydrafacials and Acne Facials: clear congestion and soothe the skin.
• Cortisone Injections: rapidly reduce large, painful cysts.

When to See a Dermatologist

If your acne isn’t improving with over-the-counter products, is leaving dark spots or scars, or is affecting your confidence, it’s time to seek professional help. A board-certified dermatologist can create a personalized treatment plan that works with your skin and your lifestyle.

Clearer Skin Is Possible

Acne can be frustrating, but with the right care, improvement is within reach. Whether you're battling occasional breakouts or more persistent acne, our team is here to help you find relief and restore your confidence.